Cost Access And Quality As Cornerstones Of Healthcare Delivery System - 2750 Words

Cost, Access And Quality As Cornerstones Of Healthcare Delivery System (Case Study Sample) Content: Cost, access, and quality as the three cornerstones of the health care delivery systemStudent affiliationInstitutional affiliationAbstractHealthcare service delivery remains a major topic for the healthcare stakeholders. In the quest to establish the primary elements to archiving the milestone in the healthcare sector, it is vital to review the link relationship that exists the four three packages namely; cost, access and quality and the delivery system. This report will present a complete discussion on the three paradigms of service delivery. The paper consists of two-three parts. First is the introductory section; giving details on the concept of service delivery. The second part is the instances of application of cost, access, and quality of service delivery. The third part of the discussion of how these can be balanced to ensure adequate delivery. Then the last part is the conclusion of the paper.IntroductionThe evolution of medicine has come with various complex ities in the contemporary society. In the ancient, the traditional methods of treatment were less complex than the modern is. According to World Health Organization report of 2013, about 80% of the world population depends on herbal medicine (Herbal medicines: An overview. (2016, Apr 09). The report shows the sluggish speed of the medical evolution. New inventions have been witnessed through the period of revolution. These medicine breakthroughs have not only brought relief to man but also frustration. Clearly, the advancement in the healthcare industry has contributed to societal segregation which comes out in the subsequent presentation of the paper. To fully understand the concept, the analysis of how the delivery of these services are affected by access, cost and quality would be salient in the study. Apparently, cost, access, and quality are the major elements to the delivery of services of public demand; the delivery of healthcare services depends on the accessibility cost and the quality.CostCost is the basic unit of purchase or sale. Like in most transactional sectors, the healthcare sector is found on the basis of trade. In order to keep t the economy in balance, the healthcare sectors operate in a business environment. Nearly all the services rendered are at costs. With this concept, the cost is regarded as an essential element of the trade in the sector. It is with the latter respect that is dully important to deliberate on the way in which cost affects the delivery of services in healthcare. Healthcare, unlike other secondary services, is a crucial life service; lack of it might lead to the demise of life. Statistics from many types of research indicate different costs to these services, for example, the cost of treating infectious illness in England amount to $6 billion in a fiscal year. From close observation, it is clear that the costs often do not reflect the societal standards in terms of income and savings potentials (May, 2013). It is due to these conditions that one questions like; "When life is at stake, how much medical cost is too much?'' Who should determine the cost of service?' should one be denied access to medical attention just because it is expensive?' Evidently, these questions epitomize the dilemma that the healthcare faces. Definitely, the high cost jeopardizes the medical delivery system. Case in point, a poor patient diagnosed with cancer will hardly get treatment in good medical facilities due to lack of finance. Therefore, a service delivery of any nature is affected by their cost. Healthcare service delivery is greatly affected by the costs. Nevertheless, effective and efficient costing enhances the delivery of the services (Kumar, 2011). Cost management agencies are mandated with the responsibility to ensure there is a cost balance between the service and the patient.AccessThe subject of access is a common problem to most economies. In the context of healthcare, different researchers have shown th e gap between patients and healthcare facilities to be wider than anticipated. In the April 2017, policy report conference the University of Minnesota a Rural Health Research Centre tabled the challenges faced by women in the rural areas with Obstetric. Between a span of 10 years about 179 rural counties had lost the OB facility centers as a result of either closure of the facility or the OB unit leaving on 46% of the counties with OB hospitals.There is a relationship between cost and access. However, on a different perspective, access to services relates to matters, availability, and information on the facility. These two elements affect the delivery of healthcare. In most areas, the healthcare facilities operate centrally. Decentralization of the facilities creates access to the facilities. Some remotes areas may not get access to the healthcare services due to unavailability in those areas. Information is a fundamental tool to service delivery. The knowledge of a particular produ ct is the means by which it can sell. A population depends on the information regarding the presence of the services and their availability to reach them. Reportedly, patients succumb to illness due to ignorance of the information of where they can get help. An integrated system has well organized informatory pathway in which the patients can be reached.Traditional medicine has influence to the acceptability of the modern medicine. Some communities are too committed to their tradition discourage the use the modern treatment. Current data show that, 80% of communities in Africa still practice traditional medicine. It is with this respect that unhealthy practices such as Female Genital Mutilation are highly practiced. According to WHO, over 200 million women have undergone the genital mutilation. Slow technological evolution in some societies has reduced the accessibility of healthcare services. The service delivery is affected by illustrated factors above potent to access. To ensure smooth and adequate service delivery, the system has to incorporate means to deal with the mentioned setbacks. Adequate access to the medical products and services facilitates the workability of the delivery of thee services.QualityQuality is the degree of excellence of a particular thing as measured against things of its kind. Quality in health care refers to the level of services offered and the packages of the core product in healthcare sector quality are applied in the development of modern record keeping systems and information retrieval. Quality in equal measure as cost affects the access of services to the patients in the healthcare sector. Attainment and containment of quality standards come with heavy prices. These costs are mutually transferred to the patient. Notably, different facilities identify with different quality of services. Technological innovations are key elements to the health services differentiations (Verdon, 2013). In advanced economies, there are high qua lities services, case in point a comparative study on Canada and U.S.A shows that their specialized procedures are performed in relatively small facilities compared to the U.S.A. The end to these quality enhancements has been seen to quest for the maximization of profit. Nevertheless, the prudent question that comes by the mention of quality in the healthcare services remains unanswered; such questions include; Does quality change infer that those who are unable to meet the costs that come by it ineligible to access?' Since it is difficult to separate quality from cost, quality of the services affects their accessibility to patients.The delivery of healthcare services is a function of the willingness and the ability to meet the quality of the services. In the event that the patient is willing but unable to meet the cost of the service, it will not be delivered. Technology is at the center stage of medical programme advancement. The new introduction of sophisticated systems such life supporting machines, scanning machines among others are the contribution of technology. Evidently, technology has given way to the achievement of high quality in the field of medicine. Technology is expensive and has great financial aspects. For the healthcare facilities to meet the qualities of the employment of tec...

Understanding Polynomials in Algebra

Polynomials are algebraic expressions that include real numbers and variables. Division and square roots cannot be involved in the variables. The variables can only include addition, subtraction and multiplication. Polynomials contain more than one term. Polynomials are the sums of monomials. A monomial has one term: 5y or -8x2  or 3.A binomial has two terms: -3x2  2, or 9y - 2y2A trinomial has 3 terms: -3x2  2 3x, or 9y - 2y2  y The degree of the term is the exponent of the variable: 3x2  has a degree of 2.When the variable does not have an exponent - always understand that theres a 1 e.g.,  1x Example of Polynomial in a Equation x2  - 7x - 6   (Each part is a term and x2  is referred to as the leading term.) Term Numerical Coefficient x2-7x-6 1 -7 -6 8x2 3x -2 Polynomial 8x-3 7y -2 NOT a Polynomial The exponent is negative. 9x2 8x -2/3 NOT a Polynomial Cannot have division. 7xy Monomial Polynomials are usually written in decreasing order of terms. The largest term or the term with the highest exponent in the polynomial is usually written first. The first term in a polynomial is called a leading term. When a term contains an exponent, it tells you the degree of the term. Heres an example of a three term polynomial: 6x2  - 4xy 2xy — This three term polynomial has a leading term to the second degree. It is called a second degree polynomial and often referred to as a trinomial.9x5  - 2x 3x4  - 2  Ã¢â‚¬â€ This 4 term polynomial has a leading term to the fifth degree and a term to the fourth degree. It is called a fifth degree polynomial.3x3  Ã¢â‚¬â€ This is a one term algebraic expression which is actually referred to as a monomial. One thing you will do when solving polynomials is combine like terms. Like  terms: 6x 3x - 3x NOT  like terms: 6xy 2x - 4 The first two terms are like and they can be combined: 5x2  2x2  - 3 Thus: 10x4  - 3 Now youre ready to start adding polynomials.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare - 1205 Words

The play of Macbeth is a tragedy which led to his demise. Macbeth was an honorable solider whose life became one of a traitor and a coward. The conflict of light and darkness within Macbeth began after he receives a prophecy from three witches that one day he will become King. This prediction without a doubt consumes him with ambition and greed. In order to fulfill the three witches prophecy Macbeth is led down his treacherous path by his wife, Lady Macbeth who urges him to murder King Duncan and seize the throne without hesitation. Macbeth struggle with his conscience and it was often difficult for him to differentiate between the illusion of ghost and what is real. Shakespeare uses the contrast of light and dark to provide readers a better understanding of good and evil within the play. The contrast of light and dark allows readers to understand characters morals and characteristic quickly and effectively. A glimpse of evil is first seen at the beginning of the play, â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† (1.1.11). The darkness plays an important role in developing the conflict to understand Macbeth train of thoughts and what lead him to commit such heinous crimes. The darkness reveals his character or true self. We are all born with the choice to be good or bad and whatever opportunities are presented to us to further our ambition we will choose base on our morals. If an individual is able to get away with evil, then an attempt is made to do so as in the story of Macbeth.Show MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to w hich is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare892 Words   |  4 Pages‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, has been reinterpreted in the 2010 film ‘Macbeth’. The 2010 film successfully takes its own reading of Shakespeare s play; by changing the setting, the director, Rupert Goold, effectively conveys many of the key themes and issues found in the original text. Whilst transforming some on the underlying meanings to correspond to the alternative readings contemporary audiences might take from Shakespeare s Macbeth. The objectiveRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 Pages As humans we are attracted to tragedy in our everyday lives. For the horror, understanding and contemplation of human nature what else can offer a better summary than Shakespeare? In the play the Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare the story progresses through the vision of the protagonist, Macbeth. Throughout the story Macbeth aspires to obtain more power than his original position, as sergeant, provides. With many dastardly deeds he achieves the position of king, although he becomes a tyrantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one the greatest writer of all time. Writing hundreds of books and scripts, Shakespeare founded his most success in his plays in the 1589-1613. One of his most popular plays is the Tragedy of Macbeth. The Tragedy of Macbeth was a turn from glory to tragedy. A story of a true tragic hero. Macbeth is a brave soldier in a war for Scotland. A tale of a great soilder that was highly prais e in his kingdom turn to a tragic murderous sinful king. Macbeth kill his friends and hisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1497 Words   |  6 PagesPractise Essay William Shakespeare effectively explores and follows the framework of the tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires withRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth Literary Analysis In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses satire as tone and irony as points of view to portray Macbeth’s unfortunately placed ambition and the manipulation that is used on him. His ambition to gain a higher status as king ends with consequences to himself and the others in his path. Shakespeare adds dramatic irony, verbal irony, and situational irony to keep the readers at the edge of their seats as well as engaged in each lie and mishapRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare739 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, the Death of King Duncan of Scotland occurred at Thane Macbeth’s castle, Inverness, at around four in the morning in about the year 1300. Before the murder, Macbeth imagined seeing a bloody dagger floating before him, making it appear as if he was not totally sane. The reason the murder happened was because Macbeth had met three witches in the woods that prophesized to him that he would become king of Scotland. Afterwards, Macbeth sent a letterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare utilizes a series of themes through the behaviors of many different characters. Some themes seen more clearly throughout the play are those of monarchy, tyranny, and gender. Perhaps the most prominent theme in the whole play is that of the â€Å"unsexing† of Lacy Macbeth’s character. Lady Macbeth wants to act in such a way that is not connected to her gender; we see this and how it relates to the plot and her part in both the rising action and climax in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy is that it should have the audienceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his death

Learning Team Charter Analysis Essay Example For Students

Learning Team Charter Analysis Essay Learning Team Charter Analysis Business Communications COM/285 August 02, 2010 Learning Team Charter Analysis Team A There are several key elements involved with establishing and maintaining effective communications in a group environment. Understanding the dynamics of group communication is essential at the outset of any project or endeavor that requires input from multiple team members. A great deal of thought should also be put into the process and ground rules for dispute resolution. As with any solid plan, the effective application of fundamental communications strategies coupled with leveraging available technologies will go a long way toward ensuring project success. Group communication is the communication that takes place while an ensemble of people, working together towards a goal; focus on the informational, procedural, and interpersonal dimensions of achieving that goal. A group may communicate differently throughout the three individual stages; formation, coordination, and formalization, of their task. Effective group communication is the key to a group’s ability to optimally plan, organize, and conquer their goal or task. The dynamics of group communication differ considerably from that of the communication that takes place throughout individual communication. Group communication involves dialogue, verbal or written, that is coming from, and intended for, more than two people, while individual communication is the dialogue which takes place between two people. Communicating effectively involves understanding your audience. In a group, this can pose as more of a challenge than with individual communication as there are likely different levels of understandings, thoughts, and communication styles amongst a group. When communicating in a group there is more opportunity for persons’ thoughts to go unsaid or unheard, while most individual conversations are reciprocal. In a group, it may be more difficult for some individuals to share their feelings of thoughts out loud and in front of a large group. Therefore, more efforts must be made to encourage participation. A goal in communication with another individual is that the dialog be a reciprocal. To encourage reciprocal conversations individuals can remember three simple rules; stop, look and listen. When participation in a conversation with another individual it’s important, when the other person begins talking, to stop and actively listen to what they are saying. Nodding your head or an occasional â€Å"uh-huh† shows them you are listening and helps that person feel that they are being taken sincerely. The strategies that are used to promote effective group communication are similar to those used when communicating with one individual; however, additional efforts are made to encourage equal involvement amongst members. Trust, cooperation, and productivity are all enhanced when a group practices effective communication. The communication within a group is most effective when all members contribute. A few strategies to promote participation are round robin, small group discussion, and brainstorming. Round robin is a method during which each member of a group is asked their thoughts on one specific topic, or question. Each team member then writes their responses down and all ideas and suggestions are then discussed openly. Small group discussion is a tool large groups can use to discuss intricate topics. The large group breaks apart into smaller groups to discuss the same topic. Each smaller group records what is conversed, summarizes and report back for further discussion. (Leister, 1992) Avoiding group think and identifying and addressing issues within the group is vital to the group’s ability to further communicate. Some strategies to promote group communication are that each member of the group is given a chance to give their input and that all thoughts are received with respect and understanding. A group strategy to overcome conflicts and challenges is that the group actively and openly listens to one another’s concerns and puts forth the effort to address and resolve them. University of Phoenix Learning Teams change with each new class. Team members could build a stronger Conflict Management section by modeling previous team charters where dispute guidelines are well developed. A sample charter reviewed by the Team had a statement that provided a good example for how disputes should be handled, â€Å"Active discussion, open-minded consideration, and mutual respect should support resolution of any conflicts† (Sample, 2010). This statement could be inserted into the beginning of the Conflict Management section to set a positive tone for how disputes should be handled. University of Phoenix classes span a five week period. The class timeframe limits the amount of possible conflicts that may arise between learning team group members. The submitted Learning Team A Charter provides minimal information for dispute resolution. The Team identified one possible source of conflict within the group; agreeing on topic or main points. Other sources of conflict could include late submission parts from team members and differences in opinion. The sample charter reviewed by Learning Team A listed non-participatory team members and misunderstandings as possible sources of conflict. By incorporating the additional four conflict sources into future charters, the Team names the five most common learning team problems. An effective Learning Team Charter should list specific strategies of dispute resolution for each conflict source. The charter for Learning Team A gave brief, but specific strategies for disagreements on topics and main points; team members could suggest option for topics and vote to settle the disagreement. Wiping the sweat from my brow I called a halt to the crew EssayAll their energy can be aimed in certain direction to achieve the common goal. The most detrimental and common problems of face to face meetings is groupthink. Many groups have dominating members and personalities. People are also so focused on agree that members will go along with the idea just to keep peace. (Locker, K; Kienzler, D, 2008) When this happens, the groups work runs the risk of becoming inferior or less than desired. Groupthink can be created by another issue of this type of group communication, the length of meetings. To avoid two and three hour processes, the members will suppress their comments and allow others to run ideas in the wrong direction. Sidebar conversations also take away from this setting. (Heathfield, 2010) Without total participation, meetings become unproductive and frustrating. Members often find themselves talking about work schedules, personal lives, and a host of other topics unrelated to the reason of the meeting. Another technology that can facilitate group meetings and mass communication is through email. The biggest advantage of email is the convenience of getting an idea out to many people at once. All the members of one team can get the same information simultaneously despite their location or time zone. Each member is also allowed to begin work immediately on their specific portion. Emails are date and time stamped which also enables the messages delivery to be verified. Some networks allow the sender to know when the receiver reads the message as well. Emails can be referred to and referenced at any time. When a members needs clarification on a thought they have the option to revisit the message and omit whatever part does not concern them. The sender of an email can also attached files that may assist other members with the work; all members can share and view the same information. The major disadvantage of an email is its dependence on the internet. Without a connection an email cannot be access and therefore rendered useless. Emails are also extremely impersonal and cold. It is very difficult to send emotion through email and members may become offended and shut themselves off from the process. Another major disadvantage the email is the possibility of a virus. Many messages have virus unintentionally attached to them that can crash a mailbox or the computer all together. Telephones can also be used to facilitate group communication. Telephones are the quickest way for group members to meet and pass ideas. This technique is less personal then face to face but offers a more personal feel than the email. If the member does not understand the information being given they can ask for clarification immediately and without the fear of backlash from other members. The top disadvantage of the telephone is the time zone consideration. Many teams are not locally assembled and are not available at the same time. This removes the opportunity for a teleconference and face to face meetings, leaving only email or individual phone calls to communicate. Many phones can distort or even delete frequencies due to quality. (Bowman, 2002) This is becoming more and more common with the use of cellular phones as opposed to landlines. People are more distracted with driving, family issues, and even television shows during phone conversation that again thoughts are not given complete thought. It’s clear to see that there can be many challenges associated with group communications. These challenges can also be intensified in an online working environment. This does not mean, however that effective communication cannot take place. Through the use and understanding of group dynamics, conflict resolution, proper planning strategies and available technology, it can be fairly easy to establish an effective communications plan. When a group of people recognize the important role that communication plays in the process of achieving their goals, they are well served to plan accordingly. References Leister, M. (1992). North Dakota State University. â€Å"Leadership Development within Groups – Communicating Effectively. † Retrieved July 30, 2010 from, http://www. ag. ndsu. edu/pubs/yf/leaddev/he499w. htm Gioia, C. (2010). â€Å"How to Start a Conversation and Make Friends. † Retrieved July 31, 2010 from, http://www. helium. com/items/537319 Schwartz, A. E. (July 26 2005). Clear Communication. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? clear-communication Communication is an exchange of information. It is a process of understanding on both the part of the receiver and the sender. Locker, K, Kienzler, D. (2008). Business and administrative communication. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Heathfield, Susan. (2010). Meeting management: deal with competing conversations . TIPS for working with people at work, Retrieved from http//:humanresources. about. com Bowman, Joel. (2002, August 24). Managing information and relationships. Business Communication, Retrieved from http://homepages. wmich. edu/~bowman/phone. html

Networks Essays - Local Area Networks, IEEE Standards,

Networks Network, in computer science, techniques, physical connections, and computer programs used to link two or more computers. Network users are able to share files, printers, and other resources; send electronic messages; and run programs on other computers. A network has three layers of components: application software, network software, and network hardware. Application software consists of computer programs that interface with network users and permit the sharing of information, such as files, graphics, and video, and resources, such as printers and disks. One type of application software is called client-server. Client computers send requests for information or requests to use resources to other computers, called servers, that control data and applications. Another type of application software is called peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network, computers send messages and requests directly to one another without a server intermediary. Network software consists of computer programs that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between network applications, direct the movement of packets through the physical network, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent at the same time. Network hardware is made up of the physical components that connect computers. Two important components are the transmission media that carry the computer's signals, typically on wires or fiber-optic cables, and the network adapter, which accesses the physical media that link computers, receives packets from network software, and transmits instructions and requests to other computers. Transmitted information is in the form of binary digits, or bits (1s and 0s), which the computer's electronic circuitry can process. Network Connections A network has two types of connections: physical connections that let computers directly transmit and receive signals and logical, or virtual, connections that allow computer applications, such as word processors, to exchange information. Physical connections are defined by the medium used to carry the signal, the geometric arrangement of the computers (topology), and the method used to share information. Logical connections are created by network protocols and allow data sharing between applications on different types of computers, such as an Apple Macintosh and an International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) personal computer (PC), in a network. Some logical connections use client-server application software and are primarily for file and printer sharing. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, originally developed by the United States Department of Defense, is the set of logical connections used by the Internet, the worldwide consortium of computer networks. TCP/IP, based on peer-to-peer application software, creates a connection between any two computers. Media The medium used to transmit information limits the speed of the network, the effective distance between computers, and the network topology. Copper wires and coaxial cable provide transmission speeds of a few thousand bits per second for long distances and about 100 million bits per second (Mbps) for short distances. Optical fibers carry 100 million to 1 billion bits of information per second over long distances. Topology Common topologies used to arrange computers in a network are point-to-point, bus, star, and ring. Point-to-point topology is the simplest, consisting of two connected computers. The bus topology is composed of a single link connected to many computers. All computers on this common connection receive all signals transmitted by any attached computer. The star topology connects many computers to a common hub computer. This hub can be passive, repeating any input to all computers similar to the bus topology, or it can be active, selectively switching inputs to specific destination computers. The ring topology uses multiple links to form a circle of computers. Each link carries information in one direction. Information moves around the ring in sequence from its source to its destination (see Computer Architecture). Local area networks (LANs), which connect computers separated by short distances, such as in an office or a university campus, commonly use bus, star, or ring topologies. Wide area networks (WANs), which connect distant equipment across the country or internationally, often use special leased telephone lines as point-to-point links. Sharing Information When computers share physical connections to transmit information packets, a set of Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are used to allow information to flow smoothly through the network. An efficient MAC protocol ensures

Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847–August 2, 1922) invented the telephone in 1876 when he was just 29 years old. Soon after, he formed the Bell Telephone Company. Bell could have easily been content with the success of his invention. His many laboratory notebooks demonstrate, however, that he was driven by a genuine and rare intellectual curiosity that kept him regularly searching, striving, and always wanting to learn more and to create.   He would continue to test out new ideas throughout a long and productive life. This included exploring the realm of communications as well as engaging in a wide variety of scientific pursuits that involved kites, airplanes, tetrahedral structures, sheep-breeding, artificial respiration, desalinization, water distillation, and even hydrofoils. Fast Facts: Alexander Graham Bell Known For: Inventing the telephoneBorn: March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, ScotlandParents: Alexander Melville Bell, Eliza Grace Symonds BellDied: August 2, 1922 in  Nova Scotia, CanadaEducation: University of Edinburgh (1864), University College London (1868)Publications: A founding member of the  National Geographic Society, he helped launce Science magazineAwards and Honors: Albert Medal (1902), John Fritz Medal (1907), Elliott Cresson Medal (1912)Spouse: Mabel Hubbard  (m.  1877–1922)Children: Elsie May, Marian Hubbard, Edward, RobertNotable Quote: The inventor looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world; he is haunted by an idea. The spirit of invention possesses him, seeking materialization. Early Life Bell was born on March 3, 1847, to Alexander Melville and Eliza Symonds  in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was immersed in the study of sound from the beginning. His father, uncle, and grandfather were authorities on elocution and speech therapy for the deaf. It was understood that Bell would follow in the family footsteps after finishing college. However, after Bells two other brothers died of tuberculosis, Bell and his parents decided to immigrate to Canada in 1870. After a brief period living in Ontario, the Bells moved to Boston, where they established speech-therapy practices specializing in teaching deaf children to speak. One of Alexander Graham Bells pupils was a young Helen Keller, who when they met was not only blind and deaf but also unable to speak. In 1872, Bell met Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who would become one of his financial backers and his father-in-law. Bell began to court Hubbards daughter, Mabel, in 1873. They married in 1877. From Telegraph to Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Bells success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When he began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bells extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, no one had been able to fabricate one- until Bell. His harmonic telegraph was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Talk With Electricity By October 1874, Bells research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard, who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose services he had enlisted, were also developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers, Bell secretly met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bells ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henrys positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875, the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success, they needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. Mr. Watson, Come Here On June 2, 1875, while experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, Bell and Watson discovered that sound could be transmitted over a wire. It was a completely accidental discovery. Watson was trying to loosen a reed that had been wound around a transmitter when he plucked it by accident. The vibration produced by that gesture traveled along the wire into a second device in the other room where Bell was working. The twang Bell heard was all the inspiration that he and Watson needed to accelerate their work. They continued to work into the next year. Bell recounted the critical moment in his journal:   I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: Mr. Watson, come here- I want to see you. To my delight, he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. Other Inventions Alexander Graham Bells curiosity also led him to speculate on the nature of heredity, initially among the deaf and later with sheep born with genetic mutations. He conducted sheep-breeding experiments at his estate to see if he can increase the numbers of twin and triplet births.   In other instances, it drove him to try to come up with novel solutions on the spot whenever problems arose. In 1881, he hastily constructed a metal detector as a way to try and locate a bullet lodged in President James Garfield after an assassination attempt. He would later improve this and produced a device called a telephone probe, which would make a telephone receiver click when it touched metal. And when Bells newborn son, Edward, died from respiratory problems, he responded by designing a metal vacuum jacket that would facilitate breathing. The apparatus was a forerunner of the iron lung used in the 1950s to aid polio victims. Other ideas he dabbled in included inventing the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems and conducting experiments with what today are called energy recycling and alternative fuels. Bell also worked on methods of removing salt from seawater. Flight Technology These interests may be considered minor activities compared to the time and effort he put into making advances in flight technology. By the 1890s, Bell had begun experimenting with propellers and kites, which led him to apply the concept of the tetrahedron (a solid figure with four triangular faces) to kite design as well as to create a new form of architecture.   In 1907, four years after the Wright Brothers first flew at Kitty Hawk, Bell formed the Aerial Experiment Association with Glenn Curtiss, William Casey Baldwin, Thomas Selfridge, and J.A.D. McCurdy, four young engineers with the common goal of creating airborne vehicles. By 1909, the group had produced four powered aircraft, the best of which, the Silver Dart, made a successful powered flight in Canada on February 23, 1909. Later Years and Death Bell spent the last decade of his life improving hydrofoil designs. In 1919, he and Casey Baldwin built a hydrofoil that set a world water-speed record that was not broken until 1963. Months before he died, Bell told a reporter, There cannot be mental atrophy in any person who continues to observe, to remember what he observes, and to seek answers for his unceasing hows and whys about things. Bell died on Aug. 2, 1922,  at his estate in Nova Scotia, Canada. Other Works and Legacy Although working with the deaf would remain Bells principal source of income, he continued to pursue his own studies of sound throughout his life. Bells unceasing scientific curiosity led to the  invention of the photophone, a device that allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. Despite being known for his invention of the telephone, Bell regarded the photophone as the greatest invention I have ever made; greater than the telephone. The invention set the foundation upon which todays laser and fiber optic communication systems are founded, though it would take the development of several modern technologies to fully capitalize on this breakthrough. With the enormous technical and financial success of his telephone invention, Bells future was secure enough so that he could devote himself to other scientific interests. For example, in 1881, he used the $10,000 award for winning Frances Volta Prize to set up the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C. A believer in scientific teamwork, Bell worked with two associates: his cousin Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter, at the Volta Laboratory. Their experiments produced such major improvements in Thomas Edisons phonograph that it became commercially viable. After his first visit to Nova Scotia in 1885, Bell set up another laboratory there at his estate Beinn Bhreagh (pronounced Ben Vreeah), near Baddeck, where he would assemble other teams of bright young engineers to pursue new and exciting ideas heading into the future. Sources Vanderbilt, Tom. â€Å"A Brief History of the Telephone, From Alexander Graham Bell to the iPhone.†Ã‚  Slate Magazine, Slate, 15 May 2012.â€Å"The History of the Telephone.†Ã‚  Google Books.infoundiscoveredscotland.co.uk, Undiscovered Scotland: â€Å"Undiscovered Scotland: Alexander Graham Bell.†Ã‚  Scotfax: Religion in Scotland on Undiscovered Scotland.A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875: The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Charles Magnus.

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econometrics - Essay Example The classical linear regression model is written such that the coefficients of the independent variables measure the sensitivities of the dependent variable on the independent variables. It is usually assumed that there is an error term which measures the unexplained variance of the dependent variable that is not accounted for by the independent variable. Therefore, only a proportion of the variance is explained by the regression analysis. c) Any particular normal distribution can be related to the normal distribution because the normality assumption allows us to perform statistical tests concerning the estimated parameters using the normal distribution and related tests involving chi-square, t-distributions and F-distributions. d) It is not appropriate to take natural logarithms of interest rates, expressed as percentages because natural logarithms of interest rates are taken to minimize autocorrelations and render the interest rates scale free. However, interest rates expressed as percentages are scale free and uncorrelated already and therefore there is no need to take natural logarithms again. e) The Durbin Watson statistic can be used to estimat... (http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/churvich/Forecasting/Handouts/DWTest.pdf) 2. a) Omitting a significant variable from a regression analysis overstates the marginal impact of other variables in the model. For example, lets consider the impact of education on earnings. This relationship can be written in the form of a regression model as follows: (1) (Greene, 2003: p. 9). The above regression neglects the possibility that most people have higher incomes when they are older than when they are young, regardless of their education. (Greene, 2003: p. 9). Thus overstates the marginal impact of education on earnings. If age and education are positively related, then the regression model will associate all the observed increases in income with increases in education. Therefore a better way to study the determinants of income is to include the effects of age in the regression as follows: (2) according to Greene (2003: p. 9) earnings tend to rise less rapidly in the later earning years than in the early ones. To accommodate this possibility, the above model can be extended as follows: (3) (Greene, 2003: p. 9). b). Regression analysis studies the relationship between two or more variables. One variable is considered independent while two or more variables are considered to be independent. (Anderson et al, 2005). The aim of the regression analysis is to measure how changes in the dependent variable are explained by changes in the independent variables. Including an insignificant variable as one of the independent variables may minimize the effects of the actual variable causing the variation in the independent variable. Like in the example above, if truly age is not a determinant of income as